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Small-scale Large-scale

Microscopic Macroscopic

Fading and Diversity Techniques

d:T-R Separation (meters)

Received Power(dbm)

• Small-scale Fading: deep and rapid

multiple reflections from the surroundings in

the vicinity of the mobile unit.

• Large-scale Fading:

shadowing due to variations in both the terrain

profile and the nature of surroundings.

BTS

MS

Signal Level

Received Level

d

• Large-scale Fading

• Small-scale Fading

• Path Loss

• In free space path loss varies 1/d2.

• In actual mobile environments the

variation is 1/d4 or 1/d5 .

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